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Carbon Capture and Storage: Pros and Cons

December 18, 2024

Carbon Capture and Storage: Pros and Cons Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is part of a portfolio of strategies to combat the climate crisis by lowering the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. It captures CO2 emissions from sources like industrial facilities or power plants and transports them to predetermined storage sites, where the emissions are securely stored underground to prevent their release into the atmosphere. This capturing technique holds great promise in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though it comes with many notable concerns. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of carbon capture can help you decide when and where to implement it in your operations. The Fundamentals of Carbon Capture and Storage CCS captures emissions before they enter the atmosphere, either through pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture or oxyfuel combustion, depending on the emission source. The captured CO2 goes to a long-term storage facility via pipelines or ships. These storage locations are often underground geologic formations. The goal of CCS technology is to store CO2 emissions in a space where they cannot enter the atmosphere. Several carbon capture and storage techniques work together to support the overall process: Capture: There are various methods of capturing, namely pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel combustion capture. Pre-combustion captures the CO2 before the fuel burns, usually by converting the fossil fuel into a mixture of CO2 and hydrogen. Post-combustion captures the fuel from the exhaust gases using absorbents or chemical solvents after burning. In oxyfuel combustion, fuel burns in pure oxygen instead of air, which leads to an easy-to-capture flue gas stream with high CO2 concentrations. Transportation: The CO2 moves to a secure storage facility via a designated pipeline, depending on the distance to the storage facility and the volume of CO2. Smaller quantities can be hauled via ship, rail or truck, although these methods add to carbon emissions and transportation costs. Storage: At the storage site, technicians inject the CO2 deep into geological formations like saline aquifers, basalt formations, deep coal seams or depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Both chemical and physical trapping mechanisms, such as mineralization, dissolution in water, and structural trapping in porous rock formations, work to keep the CO2 underground. How Captured Carbon Is Used While captured CO2 will often be stored underground, this gas has other uses that can contribute to new industries or more sustainable practices. Some additional uses of CO2 include: Enhanced oil recovery (EOR): Oil recovery helps adapt CCS by using CO2 to displace residual oil. This improves recovery rates and extends the life span of mature oil fields to displace residual oil. Algae cultivation: CO2 can help to cultivate microalgae, which can be processed into animal feed, biofuels and other high-value products like cosmetics and nutraceuticals. These algae-based systems also offer sustainable alternatives to resource-intensive agricultural practices and fossil fuels. Carbonation of minerals: Technicians can mineralize CO2 to minerals like calcium silicates or magnesium. This technique permanently locks away CO2 into solid carbonate minerals, with the potential for applications in carbon-negative building materials or soil enhancement. Carbon sequestration in agriculture: CO2 can enhance crop yields and sequester carbon in the soil for other agricultural practices. Afforestation, biochar application and soil carbon enhancement help to promote carbon storage in biomass and soil organic matter, boosting contributions to climate change mitigation. Carbon utilization and conversion: Technicians can use biological and chemical processes to convert CO2 into alternative products. These methods include transforming the gas into methanol, carbon monoxide or formic acid for industrial applications. CO2 can also be used as plastics or construction feedstock and in synthetic fuels like methane. The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage in Climate Change Mitigation CCS is a key technology in a portfolio of climate change mitigation strategies that can significantly contribute to achieving global emission reduction targets. For CCS to have a positive long-term impact, it must be part of a comprehensive strategy that includes renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency improvements and sustainable land-use practices. CCS contributes to climate change mitigation in the following ways: It reduces CO2 emissions by capturing it before it hits the atmosphere. It provides energy security by enabling the continued use of fossil fuels like coal and natural gas in a more environmentally sustainable way. This feature is crucial for energy stability during the global transition to renewable energy sources. It can help increase negative emissions when combined with bioenergy from forestry or agricultural biomass. It reduces industrial emissions in power generation, cement, chemical and steel production. The Advantages of Carbon Capture and Storage The benefits of carbon capture and storage range from climate-related impacts to economic and social considerations. They testify to the efficiency of incorporating this technique into a comprehensive climate mitigation strategy that will yield long-term benefits. 1. Carbon Emissions Reductions In 2022, the United States alone emitted 6.343 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Removing CO2 from the air is challenging, and the concentration technicians can capture is very low. CCS helps to lower carbon emissions by capturing them at the point sources before permanently storing them underground. For example, using the CCS process of oxyfuel combustion makes it easy to remove CO2 at point sources and obtain a higher concentration of CO2 at once. 2. Decreases in Social Carbon Costs CCS can help reduce carbon’s social cost by allowing industries to keep using fossil fuels in a more environmentally sustainable way, especially considering CO2 has a substantially high social cost. It can lower the economic costs associated with an abrupt transition away from fossil fuels, which is impractical for industries that are heavily reliant on these resources. Additionally, this continued operation helps protect economies and jobs where these industries thrive, mitigating social disruptions to support a smooth transition toward a low-carbon economy. 3. Ability to Remove Other Pollutants Simultaneously During oxyfuel combustions, using high oxygen concentrations helps significantly reduce the presence of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide in the air. The particulates that oxyfuel combustion creates are easy to remove with an electrostatic precipitator. 4. Benefits to Planetary Health CCS helps lower greenhouse gas emissions, subsequently limiting rising global sea levels and temperatures, alongside other climate-related impacts. It also helps improve the local air quality where CCS techniques are used, lowering harmful emissions that can contribute to environmental degradation and respiratory diseases. 5. Synergization With the Energy Sector When CCS combines with bioenergy, this synergy can result in net-negative emissions, strengthening climate change mitigation efforts. It can also complement renewable energy sources by facilitating reliable backup power sources when renewable energy generation fluctuates due to weather conditions. It supports grid stability and energy security, complementing the transition to a cleaner energy mix. The Challenges of Carbon Capture and Storage While CCS offers many advantages in global efforts to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, implementing these techniques also presents some challenges. Many of these obstacles come down to this technology being used on a limited scale, as there is a lot of room for growth in research and new developments to optimize CCS. Addressing the potential problems with carbon capture and storage requires stringent regulatory frameworks, ongoing research, technological innovation and stakeholder engagement. 1. High Costs Equipping existing industries with CCS technologies is costly, especially in the initial implementation stages. Transporting CO2 to storage sites can also be a substantial effort, which may deter investors and limit the widespread adoption of this technology in regions with limited financial resources. There are also no regulatory drivers in place to incentivize the use of this technology, keeping costs high. These high costs may be a temporary concern, as research and development efforts, alongside technological advancement, can help make CCS more affordable. When there is more local and international investment in CCS efforts, stakeholders will also have more access to financial incentives for these projects. 2. Counterproductivity When Used for Oil Recovery Captured CO2 is often used for enhanced oil recovery, where oil companies inject CO2 into depleted wells to extract more oil. This method can increase oil production, but it may counteract the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as it releases some of that CO2 back into the atmosphere. While creating more carbon emissions is not sustainable, there is a significant opportunity for carbon offsetting in EOR. CCS-EOR projects often extend the productive lives of oil reservoirs. Collaboration on these projects can also contribute to knowledge sharing and best practices development to benefit oil production and innovative technologies that can create more long-term emission reductions. 3. Potential Safety Hazards in Storage and Transport Long-term CO2 storage comes with some risks and uncertainties. There is a potential for leakage, seismic activity and unintended environmental impacts. Sudden leaks at injection sites pose a health risk to animals and people in the area, while gradual leaks from fractures in rock layers can contaminate groundwater and surrounding soil while harming ecosystems. It is important to note that a CO2 storage site is monitored before the injection process starts to build a baseline picture of the existing environmental conditions and geology. Site characterization also helps technicians monitor potential changes in different parts of the storage system throughout the injection phase and long afterward to ensure safe carbon storage. 4. Concerns About Effectiveness There are concerns about CCS’s effectiveness due to inconsistencies from various carbon capture projects. Some projects claim upwards of 95% carbon emission removal, while other studies deliver drastically different data, as low as 10% efficiency. CCS is also energy-intensive and can easily consume up to 50% of a plant’s overall energy output. Acknowledging CCS challenges like these allows stakeholders to find opportunities to refine the technology used in CCS projects. With more engagement and investment, stakeholders can achieve consistent results while finding innovative ways to lower energy use during CCS extractions. 5. Negative Public Perception CCS technology may face opposition and negative public perception due to safety concerns and potential environmental risks. There is also a perception that while CCS facilitates the energy transition, it may also prolong the full transition to renewable energy due to complacency with energy security. It is vital to create more public awareness about these methods and increase operational transparency to build trust with CCS projects. Educating the public about the purpose, safety and benefits of CCS also matters. Advanced monitoring methods, alternatives to underground storage and supporting economic development may demonstrate CCS’s potential while outweighing the concerns. Why International Cooperation Is Crucial for Carbon Capture and Storage For climate change strategies to be a success, it is vital to foster international cooperation. Fostering an open dialogue and engaging with local and international stakeholders can help to demonstrate the safety and reliability of CCS technology. Knowledge sharing: International cooperation encourages the sharing of technological advancements, best practices and knowledge in CCS. This exchange of information speeds up learning curves, reduces duplication efforts in CCS development and promotes innovation while creating a more positive public perception of CCS technologies. Access to funding and resources: Global cooperation provides access to a wider range of international funding sources and private investors, which is vital for implementing large-scale CCS projects. Cost reductions: Thanks to shared investments, widespread collaboration on CCS projects can reduce deployment and development overheads. In turn, these savings enable scaling up CCS infrastructures to be more economically viable for investors. Addresses transboundary challenges: CCS projects often require cross-border transport and storage, which requires international cooperation to address environmental, legal and technical challenges. Global climate goals: CCS helps to realize global climate goals outlined in international agreements, strengthening collective efforts to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Capacity building: Global knowledge exchanges can promote capacity-building initiatives, collaborative research projects and training programs. The result fosters technology transfer, develops human capital and builds the local expertise countries need to successfully implement and operate CCS technologies. Find Your Environmental Solutions With TRC Companies While CCS is a viable solution to reducing your operations’ greenhouse gas emissions, it comes with noticeable challenges, such as technological limitations, high costs and the potential for leakage. However, while CCS is still growing, your team should begin weighing these aspects to help you make an informed decision about using this technique to promote more sustainable operations. With over 50 years of industry experience, the experts at TRC are ready to provide you with effective environmental solutions, whether your operations are public or private or you are a government client. Our integrated approach harnesses exceptional environmental, engineering, consultive and applied technology to contribute to your success. Contact us today to optimize your operations while ensuring environmental, health and safety compliance.

Insights

Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage

December 15, 2024

Bioenergy is a renewable and sustainable way to meet energy demands, boost energy security and lower greenhouse gas emissions. It is essential in the transition to the widespread adoption of cleaner, more resilient energy use. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a carbon removal technique with a promising path toward decarbonizing energy production processes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to sustainable practices and global climate change mitigation goals. BECCS is the only carbon dioxide removal technique that provides energy. Unlocking this practice’s full potential requires a balance of sustainable practices, supportive policies and technological advancements. Introduction to BECCS BECCS is a method of removing oxygen from the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology catches carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere during the bioenergy production process, which involves burning biomass. Technicians transport the captured CO2 to suitable geological formations, like deep saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs. These formations securely store the CO2 underground for long periods to reduce its environmental impact. There are two methods in which BECCS can be applied — combustion and conversion. Combustion uses biomass as a fuel source, capturing CO2 from the flue gas stream arising during combustion. This ignition produces heat that aids in electricity generation or finds use in industrial applications like waste incineration, paper making or petrochemicals. During conversion, biomass goes through digestion or fermentation, producing gaseous or liquid fuels, commonly bioethanol. How Bioenergy Production Works Biomass comes from organic materials like crop residues and dedicated energy crops like switchgrass or forestry waste. Bioenergy production converts this matter into biofuels or uses it directly for energy generation through biochemical processes, combustion or gasification. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2025 Scenario, bioenergy gives off high-temperature heat and fuel that works in existing engines to help decarbonize aviation, heavy industry and trucking sectors. There are two conversion technologies in bioenergy production with sustainably sourced matter: Thermal conversion: Biomass can undergo thermal-based processes like gasification to produce syngas, pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, and combustion. These processes make biofuels, electricity and heat. Biochemical conversion: Fermentation or enzymatic digestion through microorganisms produces biofuels like biodiesel from oils or fats and ethanol from sugars and starches. Bioenergy products include: Biochar: Biomass pyrolysis produces biochar, a carbon-rich material that improves soil health. It is used in soil amendments for agriculture and carbon sequestration. Biofuels: Renewable fuels like biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol are used in electricity generation, heating or transportation. Heat and power: Combusting biomass in boilers or gasifiers creates heat for industrial processes and can generate electricity through gas engines or steam turbines. Exploring BECCS Technology BECCS involves carbon capture systems, biomass conversion technologies, geological storage sites, monitoring protocols and transportation infrastructure. As advancements in BECCS technologies continue steadily, this technique’s scalability, cost-effectiveness and contribution to sustainable energy systems will skyrocket. 1. Biomass Feedstock Selection BECCS starts with selecting the right biomass feedstocks. These materials can include agricultural residues like corn stover, energy crops like switchgrass, organic municipal waste, and forestry waste like sawdust. Sustainable biomass management practices, which include sourcing feedstocks responsibly and avoiding land degradation, deforestation or competition with food production, are essential. Following feedstock selection, the biomass undergoes the conversion processes to generate bioenergy. 2. Carbon Capture Technology Carbon capture technology collects CO2 emissions from industrial processes. These processes can include: Post-combustion capture: This process collects CO2 from flue gasses by using adsorbents or solvents. Technological advancements will improve the capture’s efficiency, lower overheads and reduce energy requirements. Direct air capture (DAC): This process captures CO2 directly from the air with chemical absorbents or processes. While DAC technologies are still growing, they have significant potential to remove large-scale CO2 to complement BECCS efforts. Pre-combustion capture: Pre-combustion converts biomass into a mixture of CO, H2 and other gasses, called syngas. Pre-combustion capture separates the CO2 from the syngas before combustion, which makes capturing easier. Research on this process focuses on optimizing the capturing technologies and gasification processes. 3. Carbon Capture Storage Utilization The CO2 from BECCS processes can be stored geologically, where technicians inject it underground into geological formations. Ongoing research on this storage will ensure long-term CO2 harboring through carbon capture utilization. Another storage option is enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which involves injecting CO2 into oil fields, enhancing oil recovery while storing this matter underground. When coupled with carbon capture, EOR can create economic incentives for BECCS projects. 4. Monitoring, Verification and Reporting (MRV) Ongoing monitoring and verification systems ensure BECCS technology successfully captures, transports and stores CO2. It is essential that stakeholders accurately report these storage and emissions reductions, ensuring regulatory compliance, carbon accounting and environmental benefits assessment. The Top Benefits of BECCS BECCS can be part of climate change mitigation strategies to reduce global warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees Celcius through negative emissions and carbon sequestration, which lowers the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Using agricultural residues, energy crops and forestry waste for energy production lowers waste accumulation, promoting sustainable biomass management practices. Additional benefits of BECCS technology include: Renewable energy source: Biomass used for BECCS processes can be sustainably sourced from forestry or agricultural residues to lessen reliance on fossil fuels while promoting renewable energy development. Biomass-based energy production offers stable electricity generation, complementing intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Greenhouse gas mitigation: BECCS has the potential to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which would complement anti-climate change efforts. Carbon neutrality: Efficient BECCS leads to carbon-neutral or carbon-negative energy systems, which balance carbon missions with storage and removal capabilities. Energy security: BECCS diversifies energy sources, providing opportunities for local biomass production and utilization, which supports energy security. Rural development: Bioenergy industries support social-economic growth through agricultural diversification and add to job creation in rural areas. The result is economic growth, better sustainability practices and energy access in remote and rural areas. Better air quality: In modern, efficient systems, biomass combustion reduces air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Examples of Global BECCS Projects BECCS projects showcase the potential for this technology to combat climate change. These projects demonstrate leadership in sustainable energy practices to influence policy frameworks, collaborations and investments for global deployment. Technological advancements pave the way for more cost-effective negative emissions solutions. The experience and lessons that come from global BECCS initiatives will ultimately advance worldwide sustainable energy solutions, leading to a low-carbon future. Currently, organizations around the world are pioneering BECCS implementation to pave the way forward. Some of these game-changing projects include: Drax power station: The Drax power station in the United Kingdom is a pioneer in carbon capture and biomass energy generation. This pilot project stores biomass combustion from wood pellets underground. Peterhead CCS project: Based in Scotland, this project focuses on capturing CO2 emissions from a gas-fired power station and storing them offshore. It demonstrates the scalability and feasibility of CCS technology that can integrate with BECCS applications to contribute to overall carbon mitigation efforts. The Longship project: The Longship project in Norway has a full-scale CCS facility with transportation and storage infrastructure for the CO2 captured from cement and waste. Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium: Archer Daniels Midland Company and the University of Illinois lead the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, which captures emissions from bioethanol production and stores them underground. Distinguishing CCS From BECCS While CCS and BECCS share common goals for CO2 capture and storage, the latter specifically focuses on using biomass as a renewable energy source. Understanding the distinctions and complementary aspects between these two methods helps develop comprehensive strategies for emission reductions and carbon management across various sectors. These two processes complement each other in the following ways: Emission reduction: Both processes contribute to CO2 emissions reduction and positive climate change impacts by capturing and storing these emissions from different sources. Negative emissions potential: While CSS reduces emissions from industrial processes, BECCS takes it one step further, achieving negative emissions by removing the CO2 through biomass-based carbon capture. Technological synergy: CSS technologies can be adapted to integrate with BECCS applications, leveraging synergies and shared infrastructures. Policy and regulatory frameworks: Both technologies benefit from supportive policies, incentives for carbon storage, carbon pricing mechanisms and regulatory frameworks encouraging carbon management strategies and emission reductions. Energy security and renewables: BECCS promotes renewable energy production from biomass, which boosts energy security and diversifies these sources. Addressing BECCS Implementation Challenges Although BECCS is a highly promising carbon removal technique that is already being used globally, implementing BECCS involves multifaceted challenges and requires strategic planning and collaborative efforts: Biomass availability and sustainability: BECCS needs a sufficient supply of sustainable biomass feedstock without causing negative environmental impacts. Promoting sustainable practices and encouraging agroforestry and marginal land energy crop cultivation can help combat this challenge. Certification schemes and biomass research can also aid in combating this challenge. Integration with energy systems and transition pathways: Integrating BECCS into existing energy systems, transition pathways and grid infrastructures can be challenging. To overcome this, integrated energy system models and scenarios incorporating BECCS deployment and energy storage solutions can be developed. Technological maturity and efficiency: It is challenging to develop and deploy cost-effective, scalable and efficient carbon capture technologies that are compatible with conversion processes. The solution is to invest in research and development for advanced processes to optimize capture technologies while incentivizing industry collaboration and technology transfer. Economic viability and financing: BECCS deployment requires significant upfront investments in technology deployment, operational costs, infrastructure and ongoing maintenance. However, carbon pricing mechanisms, supportive policies like carbon tax credits, feed-in tariffs and financial incentives can help to combat financing challenges. Engaging in public-private partnerships and international collaborations can help to increase economic viability. Carbon storage and monitoring: Ensuring long-term, secure storage for captured CO2 in geological formations while addressing potential site selection and monitoring issues can be an obstacle. Comprehensive site characterization and risk assessments can help to develop more robust monitoring and verification protocols. Engage communities and stakeholders in the storage site selection process to establish regulatory frameworks for storage liability and safety. The Future Landscape of BECCS Technology As the global population and accompanying industrialization grow, primary energy demand will be 30% higher by 2040 than it was in 2010. These elements will raise CO2 demand in an energy sector that already produces two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, BECCS and other clean energy options will become increasingly essential to offset emissions. Technological advancements, supported by funding mechanisms, international collaborations, and other supportive policies, will likely speed up BECCS deployment. Moving Toward a Sustainable, Zero-Carbon System With TRC Companies BECCS has great potential for climate change mitigation as it offers a viable path toward negative emissions. It also increases energy security and promotes more sustainable development as part of a transition to a low-carbon future. Bringing BECCS into energy and climate policies can help unlock its full range of benefits to combat climate change and foster better global sustainability. TRC is a global consulting, construction and engineering management firm. We provide environmentally focused, digitally powered solutions across markets like power, utilities, real estate and transportation. The transition to zero-carbon energy through techniques like BECCS is complex, and you can make the process simpler and more effective by partnering with experts in the field. Our energy advisory team works to provide companies with transformative energy strategies, including decarbonization and resilience solutions. We can guide your organization to a zero-carbon future all the way through, from conception to continuous improvement after implementation. Learn more about our renewable energy development approaches to see how we can benefit your company’s sustainability goals. Contact us today to get started on the path to clean energy.

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